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印发《关于国务院确定的百户现代企业制度试点工作操作实施阶段的指导意见》的通知

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印发《关于国务院确定的百户现代企业制度试点工作操作实施阶段的指导意见》的通知

国家经贸委


印发《关于国务院确定的百户现代企业制度试点工作操作实施阶段的指导意见》的通知

1995年11月21日,国家经贸委

各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市人民政府,国务院有关部门,国务院百户现代企业制度试点企业:
为贯彻落实国务院关于建立现代企业制度试点工作的总体部署,指导各地区、各部门和各试点企业认真组织好试点操作实施阶段的工作,按照有关地区、部门与我委联合批复的试点《实施方案》,切实转变政府职能,转换企业经营机制,力求突破,取得实效,在广泛征求意见的基础上,我委制定了《关于国务院确定的百户现代企业制度试点工作操作实施阶段的指导意见》,现印发你们,请参照执行。

关于国务院确定的百户现代企业制度试点工作操作实施阶段的指导意见
目前,在各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市人民政府和国务院有关部门的指导下,大部分国务院确定的百户现代企业制度试点企业的试点《实施方案》已经得到批复,其他试点企业正在抓紧完成《实施方案》的论证和最后审批工作,部分试点企业陆续挂牌,试点工作已进入操作实施阶段。为指导各地区、各部门、各试点企业按照已批复的《实施方案》认真组织实施,确保明年年底前完成试点任务,为面上企业提供成熟经验,现就试点操作实施阶段的有关问题提出如下意见:
一、关于操作实施阶段的主要任务和总体目标
操作实施阶段的主要任务是:以实现制度创新、转换企业经营机制、提高企业经济效益为目标,按照党的十四届三中全会关于现代企业制度“产权清晰,权责明确,政企分开,管理科学”的要求和《公司法》的规定,规范化地试运行改制后的公司制企业,有计划、有步骤地推进试点《实施方案》提出的各项改革,把改革措施落到实处,务求在重点、难点问题上取得突破。
明年年底试点工作要达到的总体目标是:试点企业初步建立起符合现代企业制度要求的领导体制和组织制度,转换经营机制,通过“三改一加强”,经济效益有所提高,亏损企业扭亏或转化。
二、操作实施阶段的主要工作
1、在清产核资、界定产权、清理债权债务、评估资产的基础上,抓紧办理确定企业法人地位所需的法律文件。国有资产授权经营的国有独资公司,其董事会应与国有资产授权方签订资产经营责任书,明确国有资产授权经营的范围、内容以及授权方与被授权方各自的权利和责任,落实国有资产的保值增值指标和责任;改制为多元投资主体的有限责任公司或股份有限公司的,要确定各出资者的出资方式和出资额,经法定验资机构验资,核实企业法人财产占用量,核定资本金,办理产权登记事宜。
2、建立符合《公司法》规范的公司法人治理结构。根据权力机构、决策机构、执行机构、监督机构相互独立、权责明确、相互制约又相互协调的原则,形成由股东会、董事会、经理层和监事会组成的法人治理结构,各司其职,有效行使决策、监督和执行权,对国有独资公司要同时派入监事会。国有独资公司的董事会成员与经理班子应分设,特别是董事长与总经理应尽可能实行分设。目前董事长兼任总经理的,要根据企业具体情况,逐步向分设的方向过渡。在过渡期间,其董事长应严格按照《公司章程》履行职权,依法自律,接受监督。要全面树立起对出资者负责的观念,维护出资者的合法权益,防止公司内部人员利用对企业的控制,违背《公司章程》,侵害出资者的利益。《公司章程》中应对股东会、董事会、监事会、经理班子的组成、权责范围、议事规则(包括议事方式和决策程序)等作出明确规定,并严格按照《公司章程》规范运行。在试点过程中要定期检查《公司章程》的执行情况,发现问题及时加以纠正,或对《公司章程》作出必要的修改、补充和完善。
3、进行存量资产重组,依法构造母子公司体制。国有独资公司应把构建多元产权结构的子公司的工作,放在首要位置抓紧抓好。通过调整企业存量资产,构建多元产权结构,降低企业的资产负债率,转换企业经营机制,促进政企分开。可根据企业具体情况,采取部分债权转为股权、吸引国内外法人资本投入或置换产权等形式,将具备条件的所属企业依法改制为多元投资主体的有限责任公司或股份有限公司。在子公司构建过程中,一是对存量资产必须进行评估,防止国有资产流失;二是子公司与分公司的设置既要遵循《公司法》的规范要求,又要符合企业实际情况,防止盲目照搬或搞形式;三是依据母子公司之间的产权纽带关系构建母子公司体制,严格执行《公司法》,依法保护子公司的法人财产权。
4、加大企业内部改革力度。企业内部改革的重点是抓好劳动、人事制度和分配制度改革,形成减员增效机制和有效的激励与约束机制。试点企业要在做好定员、定额的基础上,实行择优竞争上岗。对于富余人员,在通过发展第三产业、内部转岗培训、提前退养等方式自行消化为主的基础上,可以依法解除劳动合同。政府有关部门要积极建立和完善劳动力市场,为企业分流出来的人员提供再就业机会,广泛组织各种转岗职业培训,制定鼓励发展第三产业的政策。根据职工的劳动技能、劳动强度、劳动责任、劳动条件和实际贡献,拉开分配档次,实行适合本企业特点的工资制度和具体分配形式。
5、建立健全各项管理制度,切实加强内部管理。要继续深入开展“转机制、抓管理、练内功、增效益”活动,在建设好班子、建立好机制、创造好产品上狠下功夫,全面提高企业素质和综合实力。树立市场观念,增强竞争意识,制订以市场为导向的企业发展战略和经营战略,强化市场营销体系,建立适合自身经营战略和市场环境、生产条件的管理制度、组织机构以及配套的管理办法。通过建立科学的法人治理结构和组织管理机构,形成科学的决策程序,提高决策水平和决策效率。从班组抓起,建立和完善企业内部严格的责任制度和考核制度,依法严格管理。切实加强管理基础工作,特别是与国际接轨的质量、财务、营销管理制度。加强职工在职和转岗培训,逐步建立健全包括培训、使用、选拔、奖惩、监督等环节的人才开发系统,培养和造就有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的职工队伍。认真实行《两则》,严格结算纪律,加速资金周转,降低生产成本,提高经济效益。
6、根据国家产业政策和国内外市场状况,紧密结合企业“九五”发展规划,确定企业技改目标和项目,落实技术改造措施。在机制得到转换、结构趋于合理的基础上,加大技术改造力度,加快技术改造步伐。要逐步建立起适应市场变化的企业技术开发体系和技术创新机制,使企业成为技术开发的主体,提高产品的档次和质量,增强企业的市场竞争能力。
7、认真贯彻执行所属地区或部门关于试点工作的决定或意见。对于试点过程中遇到的问题,要积极向有关部门反映,探索协调解决的途径。可按照规定程序,向国务院有关部门申报外经、外贸、外事权及申办财务公司和申请股票上市。
8、各地区、各部门要按照试点工作和建立社会主义市场经济体制的要求,制定转变政府职能、对试点企业实行新的管理制度的方案,明确主管领导和有关部门搞好试点工作的责任。要在建立与完善国有资产管理、监督、运营体系,盘活国有资产存量,降低试点企业的资产负债率,减轻企业办社会和冗员负担等方面,出台既体现改革精神、又有可操作性的政策性文件,迈出实质性的步伐。结合委派董事会成员或派出国有资产产权代表,有组织地对国有独资公司或国有资产控股的多元投资主体公司的领导班子进行考察,撤换不称职的经营者,调整问题多、矛盾大的班子。要结合现代企业制度试点工作,组织力量对本地区、本行业国有企业的产业结构、企业组织结构、经营现状和存量资产结构进行调查分析,根据国家产业政策和地区经济发展战略,制订战略性结构调整的规划,按照择优扶强原则,鼓励和支持试点企业通过兼并亏困企业,组建企业集团,迅速发展壮大,带动地区经济发展。要抓紧组织落实本地区、本部门关于试点工作已出台的各项政策,确保及时到位。企业提请各级政府有关部门帮助解决的问题中尚未落实但又确需解决的,要继续积极协调,予以解决。
三、关于操作实施阶段的进度安排
1、今年年底前全面完成试点企业《实施方案》的批复工作。《实施方案》尚未批复的试点企业,应抓紧进行论证、协调,12月中旬前务必送国家经贸委或国家体改委报批。
2、各试点企业应在《实施方案》批复后的一个月内,依据《公司法》,完成法人治理结构组建和公司挂牌工作。
3、《实施方案》批复后,要立即制订组织实施《实施方案》的工作进度计划。从今年四季度起到明年年底前,各试点企业应结合自身实际,确定试点操作实施阶段的目标、阶段性工作重点、任务和内容,落实各项工作的负责人,明确职责以及进度、要求,确保各项试点措施尽快到位。
4、今年年底前,各试点企业要认真总结一年来的试点工作进展情况,总结经验,找出问题,研究改进措施。总结报告应于12月10日前报国家经贸委企业司。
5、国家经贸委将根据试点工作进展情况,适时会同各地区、各部门的试点主管机构,对试点企业情况进行调查,及时总结经验,协调解决试点中出现的问题。在汇总分析各方面好的做法和有共性的问题的基础上,制定进一步推进试点工作乃至在面上推广的政策性文件,重大问题上报国务院。
四、关于做好操作实施阶段工作的要求
1、试点企业《实施方案》批复后,要加强对广大职工的宣传、培训。要处理好改革、发展与稳定的关系,做好细致的思想工作,使全体职工了解《实施方案》的主要内容,理解和支持各项涉及职工切身利益的试点措施,统一思想,统一认识,为企业加大改革力度、落实改革措施奠定基础。
2、切实加强试点操作实施阶段的组织领导。要做好组织工作,充实和加强试点工作的领导机构和办事机构,切实按照批复后的《实施方案》及工作进度计划,抓住有利时机,做好工作。以提高经济效益为中心,实施各项改革措施,要通过试点,使企业的经济效益得到明显增长,亏损企业扭亏增盈。
3、结合企业实际,突出重点。试点企业的具体情况各不相同,在试点中切忌搞一刀切。要结合企业的实际,针对转换企业经营机制的关键问题进行突破。在工作安排上要坚持有计划、分步骤、逐步推进的原则,划分工作阶段,突出各阶段的工作重点,作出周密安排,取得阶段性成果。要坚持先试点、再推开的原则,认真抓好典型,以点带面,引导试点工作深入发展。
4、各地区、各部门要解放思想,实事求是,勇于探索,大胆实践,切实转变职能,为试点工作创造良好的外部环境。要努力探索实现政府的社会经济管理职能与经营性国有资产的所有者职能分开,经营性国有资产的管理、监督职能与经营职能分开的有效途径;积极推进社会保障体制改革等配套改革,创造有利于试点不断深入的宏观环境,为其他试点企业和面上国有企业的改革积累经验。


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Partnership - New option for foreign investment in China

Zhiguo Li


 A new door to partnership is opened by the Chinese government to the foreign investors under this post-financial turmoil era in order to attract more foreign investment and provide more employment. On November 25, 2009, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Measures for the Administration on the Establishment of Partnership Business by Foreign Enterprises or Individuals in China adopted at the 77th executive meeting of the State Council on August 19, 2009, which shall come into effect as of March 1, 2010 (“the Foreign Partnership Measures”). The Foreign Partnership Measures is regarded as supplementary to the Partnership Business Law of the People's Republic of China (“the Partnership Law”), article 108 of which provides that the measures for the administration on the establishment of partnership business by foreign enterprises or individuals shall be formulated by the State Council. Therefore the Partnership Law is the basic law for foreign enterprises or individuals (collectively “foreign partners”) to establish the partnership business in China (“foreign partnership”).

 The initial effort to formulate this kind of measures with the authorization of the Partnership Law can be tracked to January 2007 when the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (MOC), as requested by the Legislative Affair Office of the State Council, promulgated a draft of the Measures for the Administration on the Foreign Funded Partnership Business (“the Draft”) for public consultation. The Draft mostly reflect the intention of the MOC to remain the approval authority for the foreign partnerships as it does in the setup of the other three types of FIEs, such as equity joint venture, contractual joint venture and wholly foreign owned enterprise (i.e., EJV, CJV and WFOE, collectively FIEs). But the final Foreign Partnership Measures kick the MOC and its local branches (“the MOC local branches”) out from the charging authority with the replacement by the local authorized branch of the State Administration of Industry and Commerce (SAIC local branch), which is unexpected to but welcome by the professionals and entrepreneurs. This article will do analysis on the Foreign Partnership Measures from four perspectives: foreign partnership models, foreign partners’ qualification, thresholds and registration of the foreign partnership, in aiming to describe a clear foreign partnership roadmap for foreign partners.


Foreign Partnership Models

 Foreign partners can set up the foreign partnership in China in three models: a. with the other foreign partners; b. with the Chinese individuals, legal persons and the other organizations registered and located in Mainland China; c. through participating the existing domestic partnership.

 In the models above, the foreign partners have the option to take the form of general partnership, limited liability partnership or limited partnership stipulated by the Partnership Law, among which the limited liability partnership is only for the professional institutions such as law firms and accounting firms. Comparing with model a and b, model c seems more feasible and time-and-cost saving for the foreign partners. A complete due diligence will be conducted in order to minimize the risk from the operation of the domestic partnership before the participation date of the foreign partners. In consideration of the current administration and nature of the partnerships, lack of credibility and the other elements in China, it will be difficult to get a complete due diligence report satisfied with the foreign partners. Therefore, models a and b are highly recommended. Which model of a or b take needs the consideration and balance of the foreign partners based on their business plan, legal structuring, such as whether foreign partners themselves intend to do the business competing with the foreign partnership and how to exit by transferring the contribution in the partnership, ect., and the thresholds discussed below.

Foreign Partners’ Qualification

 The difference in the expression on the partners from overseas and China should be noted. Foreign partners only include foreign enterprises and individuals. The Chinese partners include Chinese individuals, legal persons and the other organizations. There is no unified legal interpretation on the “enterprise”, though mostly it refers to the profitable organizations. This uncertainty may come from the prudency of the legislator of China on the qualifications of foreign partners. Under article 184 of the Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues concerning the Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China for Trial (“the Opinions”), this expression of “enterprise” on the foreign partners allow the SAIC local branch more discretion to judge whether the foreign partner is a qualified “enterprise” or not in accordance with the relevant Chinese laws. In this scenario, the foreign partners need to note that they should not fall into the types of entities prescribed in article 3 of the Partnership Law if they aim to be a general partner, which says that wholly state-funded company, state-owned company, listed company, public-welfare-oriented institution or social organization may not become a general partner.

 Regarding the foreign individuals, they must have full capacity for civil conduct in accordance with article 14 of the Partnership Law. The international private law problem will also be involved here. Pursuant to article 180 of the Opinions, the foreign individuals who conduct civil activities in the territory of China, shall be regarded as having full capacity for civil conduct if they have that in accordance with China laws, no matter what their national laws requires for their capacity for civil conduct. Foreign individuals at or above the age of 18 years old are qualified to be the foreign partners if they are not mentally ill.

Thresholds for Foreign Partnership

 Some thresholds, such as the approval by the MOC, imposed on the FIEs are lifted for foreign partnership. This means that the foreign partnership and the domestic partnership will be treated with unified threshold in the aspect of approval, which will definitely reduce the criticism from the international community, but may cause more from the domestic public (including those FIEs). But it does not mean that there will be no thresholds review on foreign partnership.

 Article 3 of the Foreign Partnership Measures lists the general thresholds for the foreign partnerships. The establishment of foreign partnership shall abide by the Partnership Law and the other relevant laws, regulations and rules, and comply with the industrial policies for foreign investment. These general thresholds need to be analyzed together with the reference to the other relevant laws, regulations, rules and policies.

 First, the threshold provided by the Partnership Law is the pre-approval on the business scope. Where the business cope of a foreign partnership contains any item, for example oil distribution, that is subject to approval prior to registration according to laws or regulations, such approval shall be sought in advance and submitted at the time of registration with SAIC local branch. These pre-approvals involve , but not limited to, the Ministry of Land, the Ministry of Transport, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission, etc., which depends on the business of the foreign partnership.

 Second, the Provisions on Guiding the Orientation of Foreign Investment (2002) and the Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries (revised in 2007) (collectively “foreign investment industrial policies”) set up the industrial threshold for the foreign partnerships, which are the industrial policy basis for the SAIC local branch to review registration application to establish foreign partnership in China. This will obviously increase the working load of the SAIC local branches since they are lack of the experience in this kind of foreign investment industrial policies review. We may also anticipate that there might be different explanation and implementations on the above two documents, which will be the problem faced by those foreign partners who submit the application in the first half year after the Foreign Partnership Measures comes into force on March 1, 2010.

 The third threshold is that the verification is required if the project invested by the foreign partners falls into the scope described in the Provisional Measures Governing Verification of Foreign Invested Projects. The charging authority is the National Development and Reform Commission and its local branches, which depending on the amount of the total investment and the nature of the project.

 It is necessary to note the forth threshold hidden in the important expression in article 3 of the Foreign Partnership Measures, which put the “rules” as the legal basis for the establishment of foreign partnerships. In the legal system of China, it indicates that the State Council authorizes the ministries or departments under the State Council (“the Ministries”) to issue necessary “rules” applicable to foreign partnerships. It also reflects that the existing valid “rules” issued by the Ministries, including those applicable to the representative offices opened by foreign law firms in China, are still the barrier for the foreign partners to access the local market in China.

 The final threshold comes from the commitment of China in its WTO accession. Although the State Council encourages those foreign partners who have advanced technology and management experience to establish foreign partnership in China with the purpose to facilitate the development of the modern service industry, at this stage, the services industries may only limited to those listed in the Schedule of Specific Commitments on Services (Annex 9 of the Protocol on the Accession of the People’s Republic of China) and the openness will not be wider than the commitments therein.

Registration of the Foreign Partnership

 In the FIEs regime, all investments by foreign investors need the pre-approvals of the MOC or MOC local branches. In the approval process, the MOC or MOC local branches will review, but not limited to, the content of the application, the article of associations of FIEs and contracts signed by the parties if any. Generally, this approval procedure will take 5 working days to 90 working days depending on the nature and total investment of the project. In this regard, the cancel of this approval for the foreign partnership will significantly escalate the speed of the establishment in the procedural stage and to a great extent reduce the uncertainty from the MOC or MOC local branches.

 The Foreign Partnership Measures stipulates that the representative or agent of all the partners shall submit the establishment application only to the SAIC local branch and not the SAIC. The submission shall include, besides the documents required by the Regulations on the Administration of Registration of Partnership Business (revised in 2007, “Partnership Registration Regulation”), the explanation on compliance of the foreign partnership with the foreign investment industrial policies, which will ease the review by the SAIC local branch. In this regard, the review may not be limited to the formality as provided in article 16 of Partnership Registration Regulation. It seems impossible for the SAIC local branch to issue the license to the foreign partnership on the spot. In this scenario, the SAIC local branch shall make a decision on whether to issue the license to the foreign partnership within 20 working days after the date it accepts the complete application.

 The Foreign Partnership Measures is the second case for MOC and MOC local branches to lose approval authority in the recent years. The first case is for the representative office opened by most of foreign enterprises in China since 2004. Although the loss of approval authority, the MOC local branches at the same level with the SAIC local branches accepting the application for establishment of foreign partnership shall be advised the registration information (including the establishment, alteration and cancel) of the foreign partnerships by the latter.

Conclusion

 For those foreign partners not interested in establishing professional foreign partnerships such as law firms in China, they are now can access the Chinese market with a presence in the option of partnership. The approval procedures involved with the MOC or its local branches as set up for FIEs has been removed. The minimum investment (registered capital) requirement for FIEs has been reduced to RMB30,000 (RMB100,000 for one-person limited liability company) by the Company Law of the People's Republic of China (revised in 2005), the Foreign Partnership Measures leave the minimum investment open to the partners. The foreign partners can contribute with the currency (freely exchanged foreign currency or legally earned RMB), in kind, IPR, land use right, the other properties or labor service (limited to general partners) to the foreign partnerships. All these will minimize the cost for foreign partners to achieve their goal of profit maximization in China. But those enterprises focusing on the investment business, such as the foreign-funded venture capital investment enterprises and foreign-funded investment companies, are excluded from the Foreign Partnership Measures due to lack of experience in administrating this kind of enterprises by the government.

 【案情】

2011年6月的一天,被告人李远以200元从他人手中购得冰毒0.3克,之后,邀约了吸毒人员毛小林、陈盛东、孙元刚到其家中打牌。在打牌的过程中,被告人李远在赌博中抽取毒资200元,并提供吸食毒品的工具与毛小林等人在其家中共同吸食冰毒。2011年6月10日,被告人李远又以700元从他人手中购得冰毒0.3克、麻古7粒之后,邀约了吸毒人员毛小林、陈盛东、孙元刚到其家中打牌。在打牌的过程中,被告人李远在赌博中抽取毒资700元,并提供吸食毒品的工具与毛小林等人在其家中共同吸食冰毒和麻古。当晚23时许,公安机关在被告人家中将其抓获归案,并当场查获未吸完的麻古3粒。

【分歧】

一般情况下,容留他人吸食毒品罪与贩卖毒品罪不难区分,而在此案中对被告人李远的行为到底是应该以容留他人吸食毒品罪论处还是应该以贩卖毒品罪论处却产生了分歧:

一种意见认为,被告人没有贩卖毒品的行为,只是邀约吸毒人员到家中打牌,在打牌过程中抽取毒资并为吸毒人员提供吸毒场所和吸毒工具,没有将毒品卖给他人从中牟利,故其行为只能构成容留他人吸食毒品罪,不构成贩卖毒品罪;

另一种意见认为,只要涉及到钱货互换就是买卖,并不以牟利为先决条件。被告人将购得的毒品冰毒0.6克,以邀约吸毒人员到其家中打牌赌博,在打牌过程中抽取毒资的方式,将毒品卖给吸毒人员,并为其提供吸食毒品的工具在其家中与吸毒人员共同吸食冰毒,其行为已构成贩卖毒品罪;

还有一种意见认为,被告人既有贩卖毒品的行为也有容留他人吸食毒品的行为,应该数罪并罚;

最后一种意见认为,被告人虽然既有贩卖毒品的行为也有容留他人吸食毒品的行为,但后一行为是前一行为的后续行为,具有刑法上的牵连关系,构成牵连犯,应根据牵连犯从一重罪处罚的原则论处。

【评析】

贩卖毒品罪是指有偿转让毒品或者以贩卖为目的而非法收购毒品的行为。容留他人吸食毒品罪,是指为他人吸食、注射毒品提供场所的行为。两者侵犯的客体都是社会的正常管理秩序和人们的身心健康;主体都为一般主体,即凡是达到刑事责任年龄具有刑事责任能力的人,均可构成两罪;在主观方面都表现为故意,过失不构成犯罪。

但在客观方面,容留他人吸食毒品罪表现为给吸毒者提供吸毒的场所,既可以是行为人主动提供,也可以是在吸毒者的要求或主动前来时被动提供;既可以是有偿提供,也可以是无偿提供,行为人有没有从容留的行为中得到好处不影响本罪名的成立。提供的地点,既可以是自己的住所,也可以是其亲戚朋友或由其指定的其他隐藏的场所,至于为他人提供吸毒场所的次数、人数以及提供时间的长短,均对本罪的构成毫无影响,即不论容留几人,也不论容留了几次,以及多长时间,都可构成本罪。

贩卖毒品罪在客观方面则表现为有偿转让毒品或者以贩卖为目的而非法收购毒品。一般是以营利为目的,但也不能排除其他目的,法律没有要求构成本罪必须以营利为目的。有偿转让毒品,即行为人将毒品交付给对方,并从对方获取物质利益。贩卖方式既可以是公开的,也可能是秘密的;既可以是行为人请求对方购买,也可能是对方请求行为人转让;既可能是直接交付给对方,也可能是间接交付给对方。在间接交付的场合,如果中间人认识到是毒品而帮助转交给买方的,则该中间人的行为也是贩卖毒品;如果中间人没有认识到是毒品,则不构成贩卖毒品罪。贩卖是有偿转让,但行为人交付毒品既可能是获取金钱,也可能是获取其他物质利益;既可能在交付毒品的同时获取物质利益,也可能先交付毒品后获取利益或先获取物质利益而后交付毒品。如果是无偿转让毒品,如赠与等,则不属于贩卖毒品。毒品的来源既可能是自己制造的毒品,也可能是自己购买的毒品,还可能是通过其他方法取得的毒品。贩卖的对方没有限制,即不问对方是否达到法定年龄、是否具有辨认控制能力、是否与贩卖人具有某种关系。出于贩卖目的而非法收买毒品的,也应认定为贩卖毒品。

具体到本案而言,笔者赞成第四种观点。原审被告人李远将购得的毒品冰毒0.6克,以邀约吸毒人员到其家中打牌赌博,在打牌过程中抽取毒资的形式卖给吸毒人员,其行为构成贩卖毒品罪。其故意为他人吸食毒品提供场所和工具,在其家中与吸毒人员共同吸食,其行为构成容留他人吸食毒品罪。但后一行为是前一行为的后续行为,具有刑法上的牵连关系,构成刑法上的牵连犯,根据牵连犯从一重罪处罚的原则,应以贩卖毒品罪论处。

(作者单位:重庆市涪陵区人民法院)